Electroporation or electrical breakdown phenomenon is observed in the plasma membranes where the membrane potential exceeds the critical value

which mechanically induces membrane oscillation

or temporary or permanent nanoscale pore formation that is biophysically called reversible electroporation or irreversible electroporation. Usually

the former is intensively used to transport DNA

genes or particles into cells for decades. However

the latter is initiated to ablate tumor cells recently

and the well-definite ablation is revealed in vitro and in vivo. Irreversible electroporation could preserve the extracellular matrix of blood vessels bile duct

pancreatic duct and renal pelvis system

and has no heat-sink effects. Furthermore

the injured nerves could recover

and the epithelium cells could regenerate in renal pelvis system. For the patients with advanced pancreatic cancer

the progression-free survival

long-term progression-free survival and overall survival are obviously prolonged after this treatment. This procedure could be flexibly performed under the guidance of ultrasound

and the imaging modality is a promising method to evaluate the ablation effects of irreversible electroporation.